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INTRODUCTION

IMMUNOLOGY

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 VIROLOGY

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   VIROLOGY


Virology is the study of viruses, complexes of nucleic acids and proteins that have the capacity for replication in animal, plant and bacterial cells. To replicate themselves, viruses usurp functions of the host cells on which they are parasites.  The viral parasite causes changes in the cell, particularly its antigenicity; moreover, directing the host cell's metabolism to the production of new virus particles may cause cellular death. Virally-induced cell death, changes in antigenicity and the response of the host to the presence of the virus leads to the manifestations of viral disease.

Viruses come in two basic types, those that have a genome of DNA and those that have a genome of RNA.

 

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BACTERIOLOGY    IMMUNOLOGY    VIROLOGY    PARASITOLOGY    MYCOLOGY
 
VIRUS GLOSSARY
 
  
CHAPTER ONE
Definitions, Classification, Morphology and Chemistry 		An introduction to viruses, their nature, structure and classification    
 
CHAPTER TWO
Virus replication Strategies 		Principal events involved in replication: Adsorption, penetration, uncoating nucleic acid and protein synthesis, assembly, maturation and release    
CHAPTER THREE
DNA Virus Replication Strategies  		Replicative strategies employed by animal DNA viruses.  Identification of virus prototypes associated with different DNA virus replication schemes    
CHAPTER FOUR
RNA Virus Replication Strategies  		Replicative strategies employed by animal RNA viruses. Identification of virus prototypes associated with different RNA virus replication schemes    

 

 

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 CHAPTER FIVE
Viral Genetics  		Introduction to animal virus genetics

 

    
CHAPTER SIX  PART ONE
Oncogenic Viruses - DNA TUMOR VIRUSES

CHAPTER SIX   PART TWO
ONCOGENIC VIRUSES - RNA TUMOR VIRUSES (Retroviruses)
 

 Viruses that cause cancer and the mechanisms by which they do so: DNA cancer viruses (polyoma, herpes, papilloma, hepatitis, adenovirus). RNA cancer viruses (retroviruses)    
CHAPTER SEVEN
Human Immunodeficiency Virus

PART I HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND AIDS
PART II HIV AND AIDS, THE DISEASE
PART III COURSE OF THE DISEASE
PART IV PROGRESSION AND COFACTORS
PART V STATISTICS
PART VI  SUBTYPES AND CO-RECEPTORS
PART VII  COMPONENTS AND LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
PART VIII  LATENCY OF HIV
PART IX GENOME OF HIV
PART X  LOSS OF CD4 CELLS
PART XI   POPULATION POLYMORPHISM, STRATEGIES TO COMBAT THE VIRUS, CAN HIV BE CURED?

APPENDIX I  ANTI-HIV VACCINES
APPENDIX II  DOES HIV CAUSE AIDS?
APPENDIX III  ANTI-HIV CHEMOTHERAPY

 The biology of the virus that causes AIDS
   
CHAPTER EIGHT
VACCINES: PAST SUCCESSES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

APPENDIX
REDUCTION IN THE INCIDENCE OF CERTAIN DISEASES AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF VACCINATION

 History of vaccines especially smallpox and polio. New methods: subunit vaccines, anti-idiotype and DNA vaccines.
Molecular approaches to the development of viral vaccines		    
CHAPTER NINE
Viral Chemotherapy  		Drugs that have been used against viruses: Nucleoside analogs, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors      
CHAPTER TEN - PART ONE
PICORNAVIRUSES: ENTEROVIRUSES

 

CHAPTER TEN - PART TWO
PICORNAVIRUSES: RHINOVIRUSES

Appendix: Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM): Update on Disease Symptoms and Potential Etiologic Agent(s)
 

CHAPTER TEN - PART THREE
REPLICATION OF POLIO AND OTHER PICORNAVIRUSES

 Picornaviruses: Small RNA viruses that cause infections of the alimentary tract including polio (enteroviruses) and of the upper respiratory tract (rhinoviruses)     

CHAPTER ELEVEN
Herpesvirus 		The structure of herpes viruses. The diseases caused by herpes simplex types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus and other herpes types.     
CHAPTER TWELVE
Virus-Host InteractionS 		Host specific and nonspecific defense mechanisms involved in resistance to and recovery from virus infections. Role of interferon in viral infections. Mechanisms by which interferon exerts its antiviral activity. Contributions of various host defense mechanisms in viral infections    
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Influenza virus 		Influenza virus structure and properties. Viral pathogenesis and disease, genetics, epidemiology, prevention and treatment    

  

 CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Mumps, Measles  		Structure and properties of measles and mumps viruses. Viral pathogenesis and disease, epidemiology, prevention and
treatment 		   
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
Rubella 		Structure and properties of rubella virus. German Measles pathogenesis and disease, epidemiology, prevention and treatment
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
Parainfluenza, Respiratory SyncYtial and Adeno Virus

 

 Viruses that cause respiratory disease    
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
Rotaviruses and Other Agents of Viral Gastroenteritis 		Viruses that cause alimentary tract infections    
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
Hepatitis Viruses  		The structure and replication of hepatitis A to E    
CHAPTER NINETEEN - PART ONE
HEPATITIS A AND E (Infectious and enteric non-A, non- B)

CHAPTER NINETEEN - PART TWO
HEPATITIS B, C, D AND G (Serum hepatitis, non A, non-B hepatitis and Delta Antigen)

 The diseases that are caused by the hepatitis viruses    
CHAPTER TWENTY
Rabies  		 Rhabdoviruses and the disease of rabies    
CHAPTER TWENTY ONE
Arboviruses

 

CHAPTER TWENTY TWO
VIRAL DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY VERTEBRATES

APPENDIX
EBOLA

APPENDIX
NIPAH VIRUS AND LYCHEE FRUITS

 Arbovirus encephalitis, febrile and hemorrhagic disease. Rodent borne hemorrhagic fever, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Diseases borne by bats. Other filovirus-associated hemorrhagic fevers    
CHAPTER TWENTY THREE
Conventional and Unconventional Agents (Slow Viral Diseases)  		Slow viral diseases of the
central nervous system.
Progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy.
Sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (measles virus)
Prion diseases: Kuru, 
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease 		   
CHAPTER TWENTY FOUR
Bacteriophage 		Structure of bacteriophage. The infectious process and the lytic multiplication cycle. The lysogenic cycle and its regulation.  
CHAPTER TWENTY FIVE
CORONAVIRUSES:
COLDS, SARS, MERS
AND COVID-19, THE DISEASE PANDEMIC THAT SWEPT THE WORLD IN EARLY 2020

Appendix A: Pandemics

Appendix B: Masks and Infection Control

Esta pagina em Portugues

 

 The viruses that cause about one third of common colds, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and COVID-19, cause of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic  
CHAPTER TWENTY SIX
PARVOVIRUSES AND FIFTH DISEASE		 Childhood rash disease


BACTERIOLOGY    IMMUNOLOGY    VIROLOGY    PARASITOLOGY    MYCOLOGY